财政分权与经济增长

财政分权如何影响经济发展,传统的财政分权以及新一代财政分权理论都没有明确地探讨并阐明过这一方面的问题。对这一问题的研究是当代财政学领域的研究热点,其意义在于为国家财政体系的改革提供理论依据。本文综述了当今该领域的主要研究成果,在此基础上对财政分权与经济增长的关系进行了辩证思考,为进一步深入研究提供参考。     

货币政策透明度指数研究

近年来,提高货币政策的透明度正在成为一个国际趋势。本文从如何度量货币政策透明度的角度出发,介绍了国外关于货币政策透明度评估体系的研究,通过建立透明度指数来量化货币政策的透明度,以及对不同国家透明度进行评估和实证检验。文章还对目前透明度度量方法中的不足和改进进行了简要评析。     

从会计信息充分披露看财务报表附注的重要性

随着市场经济的日益发展 ,特别是现代股份制企业和证券市场的兴起 ,要求企业提供更为全面、完整的有效会计信息 ,以满足决策者的信息要求。针对会计人员信息的充分披露要求和企业报告模式及财务报表的未来发展趋向 ,阐述了会计报表附注的重要性。     

县乡财政困境与财政立宪主义

中国县乡财政困难背后蕴含着深刻的政府与社会、政府之间的关系的矛盾。以往在技术层面上修修补补式的改革不能从根本上解决问题。因此,本文主张采取财政立宪的制度创新思路。包括两个方面的内容,一方面是通过完善法治和建立有效的民主决策监督机制,实现纳税人对政府的根本约束和监督;另一方面是规范政府间的财政分配关系,抑制政府间的过分自利倾向,实现政府间的合理分权与制衡。     

基于成本规制和服务质量考核的燃煤供热财政补贴方案研究——以天津为例

经营性和公益性是城市集中供热事业的显著特征,城市集中供热因公益性服务造成的政策性亏损,理应得到政府的财政补贴。传统基于面积的燃煤供热财政补贴办法缺乏科学的依据,不利于激励和引导供热企业的节能降耗,所以迫切需要制定科学、规范的燃煤供热财政补贴标准。本文基于成本规制和服务质量考核管理理念提出燃煤供热财政补贴新方案,以优化燃煤供热财政补贴标准,进而提高财政资金使用效益。     

Fiscal Transfers and Fiscal Sustainability

We examine whether the U.S. and German state governments pursue sustainable fiscal policies taking into account fiscal transfers. Using panel data techniques we investigate whether the debt‐to‐GDP ratio had a positive influence on the primary surplus (Bohn model). We show that including/excluding fiscal transfers changes the results. If fiscal transfers are not included in the primary surplus, the test results do not indicate that the U.S. and German state governments pursued sustainable fiscal policies. Our results also suggest that fiscal transfers were positively related to debt. These findings indicate that intergovernmental transfers have implicitly subsidized debts.     

Fiscal Transparency,Fiscal Performance and Credit Ratings

Fiscal transparency can provide policymakers with incentives to adopt better policies by enhancing the public debate on the design and sustainability of fiscal policy and establishing accountability for their implementation. Fiscal transparency can also reduce uncertainty about fiscal policy and fiscal outturns by providing more information on the underlying fiscal position and fiscal risks. Both effects suggest that countries should benefit from adopting transparency enhancing policies through better market assessments of their sovereign risk. In this paper, we investigate whether fiscal transparency has an effect on market perceptions of sovereign risk, as measured by sovereign credit ratings, and if so, through which channels. We find that fiscal transparency has a positive and significant effect on ratings – one standard deviation increase in fiscal transparency increases credit ratings by 0.7 and 1 notches (or steps in the credit rating scale) in advanced and developing economies, respectively – but its effect works through different channels in advanced and developing economies. In advanced economies, fiscal transparency is associated with better fiscal outcomes, leading indirectly to higher credit ratings. In developing economies, the direct uncertainty‐reducing effect of fiscal transparency seems to be more important. Indeed, the effect of fiscal transparency on fiscal performance is found to increase with the level of institutional development.     

基于DEA模型的地方公共文化财政支出绩效评价——以青岛市为例

提高公共文化服务水平是地方政府加强财政管理的重要内容之一,评价地方公共文化财政支出绩效成为促进文化事业发展的关键。近年来,青岛市地方公共文化财政支出规模不断上升,但与市域范围内基本公共文化服务均等化要求相比尚有一定差距,亟需进行地方公共文化财政支出的绩效评价。DEA模型实证分析结果表明:青岛市公共文化财政支出的综合技术效率不高,公共文化资源供给能力存在较大提升空间;规模效率呈下降趋势,公共文化财政投入能力尚未达到最佳;纯技术效率上下波动,公共文化财政支出服务能力缺乏稳定性。鉴于此,建立多元化的公共文化资金来源机制、形成公共文化财政投入的稳定增长机制、完善相关财政资金绩效考核机制成为当前青岛市提高地方公共文化财政支出绩效的客观选择。     

新型城镇化加剧了地方政府的土地依赖吗?——来自中国省际面板分位数估计的经验证据

借助2002年到2011年全国省际面板分位数估计方法实证研究了地方政府土地财政扩张的新型城镇化诱因。结果表明：(1)新型城镇化过程具备市场化内生的自我生财机制;当前导致地方土地财政高企的主要原因在于地方政府追求就业拉动而采取的税收竞争行为。(2)公共服务与社会保障城乡一体化进程在短期内具有增加地方政府财政支出压力性质,但中长期具备快速提振城镇化质量的“回流效应”。(3)东部地区土地依赖程度较高急需建立适应城镇化发展的土地财政代偿机制,而中西部地区土地财政风险可控可继续实施土地出让金提取反哺城镇化发展的战略思路。     

Survey of Recent Developments

Amid global economic uncertainty and tumbling world oil prices, Indonesia's economy faces pressure on its external balance and a continued growth slowdown. The government of President Joko Widodo (widely known as Jokowi) has set an agenda of reform, including simpler, faster investment licensing, historic cuts to fuel subsidies to generate fiscal savings, and increased spending on infrastructure. On the political side, Jokowi has had to deal with several political issues coming not only from parties in opposition but also from parties supporting his government, including during the formation of the new cabinet. We examine the consequences so far of the government's policy initiatives and of the policymaking process. While some initiatives have been implemented with success, some seem to have been launched without enough preparation, consultation, or empirical evidence, and many have been poorly communicated. Although inflation accelerated after the November fuel-price rise, efforts have been made to contain inflationary expectations and to mitigate the effects on poverty through social-assistance programs. The government took steps to cushion the impending impacts of higher fuel prices on vulnerable households by giving cash handouts of Rp 200,000 per month to 15.5 million disadvantaged families who receive the lowest level of welfare, and by promoting publicly funded education and health care. The partial removal of gasoline subsidies and the introduction of a fixed-subsidy policy for diesel in the revised 2015 budget reduce uncertainty about the fiscal position, although increases in government spending in infrastructure development were announced at the same time. The revised budget for 2015 increases spending on infrastructure development by 63% from the 2014 budget, mostly on projects to improve connectivity on land and at sea—such as the development of toll roads, railways, and ports—and to increase the performance of the agricultural sector. However, the recent drop in international oil prices forced the government to increase its target for tax revenue by 30% on last year's target, raising concerns about the effect of falling oil prices on the economy. Trade and investment policy reform is important in unlocking Indonesia's growth potential and improving the country's current external balance. Jokowi's administration, however, has been sending mixed signals about its position towards more open policies. The country has yet to recommence several trade negotiations that were postponed in 2014 and is still struggling to meet its commitments under the ASEAN Economic Community. Although improvement in investment procedures and licensing is currently underway, Indonesia needs to adopt a more positive attitude if it is to attract more investment.